Employee Absenteeism Is a Well Recognized - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: How To Employee Absenteeism Is A Well Recognized? Answer: Introduction In any organisation, employee absenteeism is a well-recognised problem due to fixed work schedules. Absenteeism can be defined as failure of employee to report to work as per schedule irrespective of the reason. This behaviour can be caused by several reasons such a sick leave, occupational deviance, bereavement and other situations. If absenteeism at work place increases, it affects a business in many ways. It may include global incidence, direct cost, service quality and indirect cost (Gosselin et al. 2013). This research proposal is the part of the responsibility given to me by the Head of Human Resources of International Conglomerates (IC) to conduct a research project concerning performance management. The IC proposes to identify why the level of absenteeism across their sales divisions markedly above the industry average since the last five years. The organisation operates sales teams across three sites in France, India, and Brazil. The number of employees in each team are as follows: France 55; India 123; Brazil 35. Each team is led by a regional sales manager who reports directly to the Head of Sales in each country. The first part of the proposal involves current literature review on the topic and investigates the causes of absenteeism. The rationale for investigating this topic is plethora of literature available on the absenteeism and loss of business productivity in the sales division. Research Aim and objectives A workplace is a complex environment and is affected by several problems. One of the main affecting factors is the absenteeism. Few small factors can affect absenteeism in a great way. However, the cumulative effect of these small factors have a huge impact. Therefore, the research aims to interact with the employees and the managers to identify the cause of rate of absenteeism above the industry average in three sites of the organisation that is France, India, and Brazil. It will help to identify if human resource management strategies align with the evidenced based options available in literature. Based on the data collection the researcher intends to suggest any measure to reduce absenteeism. The objectives of research are: To identifying the factors contributing to absenteeism in the target organisation To assess the impact of the problem on organisation Recommend preventive strategies to reduce absenteeism and performance management Literature review Before finalising the topic of the research, it was decided to check the feasibility of the investigation. Firstly, the availability and accessibility of the relevant data and information is checked. A quick examination of online databases and libraries indicated a presence of rich data on absenteeism. The rationale for investigating this subject is personal interest industrial relation where the topic absenteeism and its significance was explored. The impact of absenteeism can be felt directly by the organisation. It was found from the literature review that there are no underlying theories on the chosen subject. However, there are several theories explaining why an employee fails to attend the work. The available information and statistics highlights that absenteeism is the growing problem in many parts of the world. This is the area of high concern among the manager and the researchers. In UK and US the absenteeism crisis in workplace is high prevalent. The most effected with this crisis are small and medium sized enterprises and absenteeism involves both genuine and non-genuine causes (Tillett et al. 2015). Due to this absenteeism trend, the businesses in UK are losing around 7 days a year per employee. In UK, 23% of the firms report non-genuine absences. It is the primary cause of the short-term time off workmainly for the non-manual workers. Currently, the British firms are losing productivity worth of a week, which is found to have detrimental effect on their bottom lines. According to Soane et al. (2013), the cause of absence in majority of cases is due to illness and domestic reasons. The other common cause is accidents out of work and in workplace. A company sick pay scheme is the cause of absenteeism in 8% of the cases and the nature of the work and stress in 5% of the cases. Apart from the absence due to sickness, other absences are taken which are avoidable. It may include stressors in job environment, individual work ethic and characteristics, human resource management and company leadership policy. The cause of absenteeism due to relationships at workplace is found in 2% of cases and is mainly related to depression and anxiety at workplace. Therefore, it is important to know the exact cause of absenteeism and if it is avoidable (Merrill et al. 2013). Mowday et al. (2013) examined the cause of absenteeism and found that it cannot be explained in single factor. The paper explained the psychology of the employee abseteesim. There are multiple factors contributing to the absenteeism at job which includes nature of job, characteristics of employee, employees commitment, culture of the workplace, and extrinsic motivation at workplace. According to the equity and exchange theory an employee expects a reward as a fair exchange of what they have contributed to the business in terms of knowledge, skills and commitment. Therefore, rewards may be related to the extrinsic motivation such as pay and benefits and intrinsic motivation such as job satisfaction. Bhui et al. (2012) highlighted that ability to attend office, job satisfaction and work pressure together determines absenteeism. Stringent conditions in workplace may affect the ability to attend. Some may prefer not to take absent out of fear of losing the job. Mowday et al. (2013) studi ed that increased rate of absenteeism is related to management of absenteeism. It may happen due to firms not able to monitor the absence levels. Firms should be able to control the rate of absenteeism. Any reluctance at its end will reduce the pressure on the management to correct the problem. There are several negative implications of employee absenteeism. It increases unnecessary cost to productivity. The direct cost is the sick pay schemes of the company which together with other leaves and holidays may add to the companys burden. Many other indirect costs are quantifiable. The financial burden on many firms is increasing and adding to unnecessary repercussions for productivity. Replacing an absent worker with other person increases surplus of staff to maintain business productivity. There is a huge waste of managements time due to reorganisation of schedules. The shortage of staff adds burden on other working members in the organisation. It may lead to job stress and burn out among the remaining employees. If the absenteeism is proliferated, it may lead to absence mentality and acceptance of absconding behaviour (Deery et al. 2014). The set of strategies used by the human managers to reduce absenteeism include improved communication, employee commitment, discipline, return to work interview and incentives. The study executed by Kehoe and Wright (2013) showed that organisation implementing control measures to prevent absenteeism helps reduce the problem. Lack of trained supervisors, managers fails to counsel employee and control absence. If the managers have high commitment for their profession it s reflected in their behaviour which in turn have impact on labour turnover, job performance and absenteeism. High level of commitment among the employees leads to strong belief in accepting the organizations values and goals. Commitment helps the organization to exert considerable effort to retain manpower which is the main goal of human resource manager (). Most firms experiencing high rate of absenteeism is due to low level of effort given by the human resource department to eliminate absenteeism. Lack of disciplinar y practices in the organization is the other major cause of increased absenteeism (). The corrective action for human resource managers is to set minimum standards of attendance and other disciplinary control. Those firms having strategy for employee motivation in terms of innovative incentive and bonus schemes have reduced absenteeism. In some firms with low absenteeism it was found that non-financial benefits have been more effective in reducing absenteeism (Gosselin Lemyre and Corneil 2013). It can be concluded from the literature review that absenteeism is the cumulative effect of individual characteristics and organizational response to the cues. Research design and Methodology Paradigm of Enquiry The paradigm of enquiry for this research proposal is positivism research philosophy, descriptive research design and deductive research approach. Both primary and secondary data will be collected for investigating why the absenteeism rate is more than the industry average in the target organisation. Both quantitative and qualitative research paradigm will be used for this study. The research will employ survey and interview method for data collection from the participants selected using both probability and non-probability sampling method. Precautions have been taken to ensure the reliability and the validity of the research. Research Methodology The research methodology is the structure of the research, which consist of the method outline and the research onion. The methodology analyses the research philosophy, design and approach with rationale for its use in the research proposal. It also includes data collection, sampling technique, and research ethics. Research onion is used to conclude the research methodology. The different layers of the research onion act as a framework to conduct the research in the systematic manner (Keraminiyage 2013). Figure : Research Onion (Source: Keraminiyage 2013) The four types of research philosophies are pragmatism, interpretivism, positivism and realism. The realism philosophy is the longitudinal study and the data given by the participants is assumed to reflects the research findings. The Interpretivism is used to interpret the data as a respondent and is a cross-sectional study. It does not involve data testing rather data is constructed using human reasoning and perceptions. It is therefore, considered inappropriate for this research. For this study, positivism philosophy will be used which assumes that the facts already existing in the universe can be scientifically analysed. It is justified because it aligns well with the deductive process. It is justified because the empirical data collected can be used to test the existing theories (Creswell, 2013). There are two types of research approach including deductive and inductive. In deductive approach or waterfall approach, a complex data is converted into a simpler form using quantitative research paradigm. On the other hand, the inductive approach involves building of a theory or hypothesis and involves qualitative approach. Inductive approach is suitable for exploring a subject using how and why inquiries. For this research, deductive approach is used. It is appropriate for the study because a research is conducted based on the existing research and theories. The subjective data collected from the employees on absenteeism needs to be confirmed with the secondary data. Due to time constraint there is no scope of building new theory therefore inductive approach is avoided (Barratt et al. 2015). Research design The framework or plan that guides the research study, data collection and analysis is referred to research design (Kelly et l. 2014). The steps of research design is given below- (Created by author) Problem definition is the first step in the research process. If the research problem is not clearly defined the research objectives will also turn wrong thus making the entire process a big waste of time (Kelly et al. 2014). This is the critical stage and the defined problem is to establish the reason for absenteeism rate above the industry average in the target organisation X. This creates an excellent opportunity to the managers to assess the situation and rectify the problem. Without research design it is difficult to attain the research aims and objectives. Research design directs the exploration involving procedural steps. There are three types of research design, which are explanatory, exploratory and descriptive. Exploratory research is used when a research issue is to be comprehend but is not discussed anywhere in exhaustive manner. Therefore, exploratory research builds a ground for exploration. The explanatory research on the other hand helps in data collection and selection of subject. This helps in enquiring an issue in details and establishes a relationship between set of variables. However, descriptive approach is used where the research issue is well known and can be investigated using top to bottom approach and in-depth analysis (Pickard 2013). Descriptive approach is suitable for this purpose as it will help to analyse and find out as to what and how the employees are take more week offs then scheduled. Data Collection Methods The major stage of any research process is the collection of data. This step ensures obtaining the relevant information pertaining to the subject. There re two types of data used in the research project including primary and the secondary data. When data is directly collected from the respondents or the research participants it is called as primary data. On the other hand, the data collected from the journals, books, newspapers and other databases is referred as secondary data (Sarantakos 2012). In this research the primary data will be collected from the employees and managers of the three sales division of the target organisation X to know why the rate of absenteeism has exceeded the industry average. The nature of the data collected can be both qualitative and quantitative. Quantitative data is the numeric data represented by charts and graphs. Qualitative data is the descriptive data that includes themes and patterns and are non-numeric in nature (Taylor et al. 2015). This resear ch proposes the collection of both qualitative and quantitative data. It is also referred as Mix method and is used for gaining a detailed perspective on the research problem, which is the cause of increased absenteeism in recent years in the target organisation. For any research project, it is essential to have an appropriate instrument to collect the desired data. In academic research, there are multitudes of research instrument available such as interview, questionnaire, focus groups, experiments and observations (Pickard 2012). The collection of data and the instrument to be used is guided by academia and literature to give legitimacy and reliability of the research. For quantitative data collection survey questionnaire will be used. The questionnaire will be given to 54 employees randomly selected from three sales division France, Brazil and India. The questionnaire includes close-ended Likert scale response. The responses are graded as Strongly Disagree, Disagree, Neutral, Agree, and Strongly Agree. The quantitative data is collected with the aim to ensure the generalisability of the data and to obtain specific response pertaining to the problem area. During the development of the questionnaire the chance of bias response and errors will be eliminated (Creswell 2013). For qualitative data collection, interview method is used. Interview will be conducted with the regional managers and the human resource managers. For this research the interview will be conducted for 40 minutes. The purpose of descriptive data is to gain broad perspective based on the employees and managerial responses. Therefore, the interview will be based open-ended questions (Pickard 2012). Data Analysis procedures/techniques Data analysis is a high-risk task as any misinterpretation of the data may result in obtaining wrong information. It may defeat the very purpose of research. Qualitative data analysis- is performed by observational analysis. The employees and managerial responses were analysed by coding the transcripts from the audio-recorded interview. Themes are developed from the transcript and is analysed with the help of literature (Creswell 2013). Quantitative data analysis- distinct responses are obtained from the likert scale questionnaire. To analyse the scattered and the diverge responses the data will be converted to frequencies and percentages using SPSS tool. In quantitative data, it is easy to derive the research outcomes using central tendency. It will help in presenting the data in the form of tables and charts to get a generalised and inferential view (Treiman 2014). Sampling Appropriate sampling method is necessary which if failed may lead to contamination of the data and reduce the overall quality of the findings. Either probability or non-probability sampling technique can be used in the research. In this research both sampling methods are used. In Simple Random Sampling Technique, which is a probability, sampling a randomised process is employed for selecting the participants. This method prevents the contamination by human interference (Thompson 2013) Convenience Sampling Technique, which is a non probability sampling the participants are selected in biased manner to obtain insightful responses on the chosen topic (Mitchell and Jolley 2012). It is used for selecting the 3 regional managers. For this research proposal a total of 60 participants are chosen involving regional (3) and human resource managers (3) and employees (54) from three sites France, Brazil and India. Ethical Issues Ethical issues are inevitable when participating in research and the researchers are accountable for their own ethical conduct. In the process of research design, ethics is an important part. It helps in planning the data collection method, requesting access to organisation and the respondents for reporting the data. All the guidelines in the Data Protection Act 1998 will be complied while conducting the research (Barratt et al. 2015). When conducting this research, precautions will be taken to ensure confidentiality and privacy of the data collected. A written consent will be given to the participants that the information shared will not be used for any commercial purposes. The research values building trust with the respondents. A potential mentor was consulted to resolve issues while developing questionnaires. Participants will be given autonomy to respond to the questions without exerting external pressure (Deterding et al. 2015). Research timeline The subsequent levels of research onion is directed by the time horizon. Crossectional examination and longitudinal research are the two types of time horizons used in research. The longitudinal timeline is not used here as it is applicable for long term studies and for managing the gagging changes in this period (Treiman 2014). Since the time accessible is constraint cross sectional time line is used as it includes studying specific event at a particular time. Therefore, the research aims to complete the survey and interview process in 8 weeks time. The total research process is intended to complete in 10 weeks of time. The timeline of the research helps on to decide upon the sequence of events that needs to be carried out in the research. Task Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Week 7 Week 8 Week 9 Week 10 Selection of topic of Research and Justification Construction of literature Selection of appropriate methods Data collection Data analysis and representation Reviewing the outcomes Conclusions and recommendations Submitting draft of the project Printing and final submission Table : Time line of the research References Barratt, M.J., Ferris, J.A. and Lenton, S., 2015. Hidden populations, online purposive sampling, and external validity: Taking off the blindfold.Field Methods,27(1), pp.3-21. Bhui, K.S., Dinos, S., Stansfeld, S.A. and White, P.D., 2012. A synthesis of the evidence for managing stress at work: a review of the reviews reporting on anxiety, depression, and absenteeism.Journal of Environmental and Public Health,2012. Bryman, A. and Bell, E., 2015.Business research methods. Oxford University Press, USA. Bryman, A., 2015.Social research methods. Oxford university press. Creswell, J.W., 2013.Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage publications. Deery, S., Walsh, J. and Zatzick, C.D., 2014. A moderated mediation analysis of job demands, presenteeism, and absenteeism.Journal of occupational and organizational psychology,87(2), pp.352-369. Deterding, S., Canossa, A., Harteveld, C., Cooper, S., Nacke, L.E. and Whitson, J.R., 2015, April. Gamifying Research: Strategies, Opportunities, Challenges, Ethics. InProceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems(pp. 2421-2424). ACM. Gosselin, E., Lemyre, L. and Corneil, W., 2013. Presenteeism and absenteeism: Differentiated understanding of related phenomena.Journal of occupational health psychology,18(1), p.75. Kehoe, R.R. and Wright, P.M., 2013. The impact of high-performance human resource practices on employees attitudes and behaviors.Journal of management,39(2), pp.366-391. Kelly, A.E., Lesh, R.A. and Baek, J.Y., 2014.Handbook of design research methods in education: Innovations in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics learning and teaching. Routledge. Keraminiyage, K., 2013. Research Methodology: what the nested model and the research onion have to say. InPostgraduate workshop. Lewis, S., 2015. Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches.Health promotion practice, p.1524839915580941. Merrill, R.M., Aldana, S.G., Pope, J.E., Anderson, D.R., Coberley, C.R., Grossmeier, J.J. and Whitmer, R.W., 2013. Self-rated job performance and absenteeism according to employee engagement, health behaviors, and physical health.Journal of occupational and environmental medicine,55(1), pp.10-18. Mowday, R.T., Porter, L.W. and Steers, R.M., 2013.Employeeorganization linkages: The psychology of commitment, absenteeism, and turnover. Academic press. Pickard, A.J., 2013.Research methods in information. Facet publishing. Sarantakos, S., 2012.Social research. Palgrave Macmillan. Soane, E., Shantz, A., Alfes, K., Truss, C., Rees, C. and Gatenby, M., 2013. The association of meaningfulness, well?being, and engagement with absenteeism: a moderated mediation model.Human Resource Management,52(3), pp.441-456. Taylor, S.J., Bogdan, R. and DeVault, M., 2015.Introduction to qualitative research methods: A guidebook and resource. John Wiley Sons. Thompson, W. ed., 2013.Sampling rare or elusive species: concepts, designs, and techniques for estimating population parameters. Island Press. Tillett, W., Shaddick, G., Askari, A., Cooper, A., Creamer, P., Clunie, G., Helliwell, P.S., Kay, L., Korendowych, E., Lane, S. and Packham, J., 2015. Factors influencing work disability in psoriatic arthritis: first results from a large UK multicentre study.Rheumatology,54(1), pp.157-162. Treiman, D.J., 2014.Quantitative data analysis: Doing social research to test ideas. John Wiley Sons.

Urinary Tract Infection

The urinary tract is composed of different parts including the kidney, urethra, ureters and urinary bladder. Human beings have two kidneys that help in body excretion and blood purification. The kidney is usually brown  in color and has a small size of around 10-12 cm. The outer cover of the kidney is called the renal capsule (Baskin Kogan 38).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Urinary Tract Infection specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The renal capsule is tough because it has fibrous tissues on its surfaces. The capsules are covered by two layers of fat to cushion  the kidneys from any form of shock. There is also the urethra which is a muscular tube used to remove different wastes including urine from our bodies. The system also has the ureters that help to remove urine to the bladder. The bladder has several valves that help to prevent the  backward  of urine to the ureter (Kunin 46).The urinary bladder is a  void, well-built  elastic  reproductive organ that  is placed  on the pelvic floor. The kidneys have functional units known as nephrons. The nephrons in the body help to regulate water and other soluble substances in the body (Pappas 64). Glomerulus The kidney contains numerous glomerulis that help in the purification of blood in the body (Pappas 67). The glomerulus is loop of capillary tuft and receives incoming blood from arterioles. Function of the Urinary System The urinary system plays an important role of excretion in the body. Although the main function of the urinary tract is excretion, it has other functions that include like: Regulation of plasma in the form of ionic composition Maintaining osmolarity of plasma Maintaining the  volume  of plasma Maintenance of the hydrogen ionic concentration of plasma Secretion of hormones Urinary Tract Infection Urinary tract infections are diseases caused  by pathogens such as bacteria, fungi, and infectious para sites. Experts recommend that  the use of specified terms when referring to  particular  urinary infections (Baskin Kogan 39). For example, an  infection  affecting the urethritis is urethra infection. Urinary tract infections are common  in women than in men. The infections  can harm different body organs and cause death. Any damage on the kidneys  will affect other parts of the body and processes associated to the kidney. For instance, kidneys  play a huge role of regulating substances and water in the body, excretion of wastes, and production of body hormones (Baskin Kogan 63). Any injury  to the kidney can potentially affect many processes in the human body.Advertising Looking for report on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Epidemiology According to statistics, UTIs are common among women than men. Females between 16 and 30 years of age have a high risk of getting these infections. Cur rently, 10 per cent of women  have UTIs. The infections may reoccur from time to time depending on hygiene. According to research findings, women are four times prone to urinary infections than men. At childhood stage, statistics show that 10 per cent of people get STI infections. Non-circumcised males have a higher chance of contracting the infections (Baskin Kogan 57). Causes of UTIs Researchers have identified a number of organisms known to cause urinary tract infections. The leading cause of these infections is Escherichia coli and accounts for more than 80 per cent of the infections. About 80 per cent of urinary tract infections are caused by bacterium known as E. coli. The bacterial strains occur in the colon. Other bacteria strains that cause infection like Mycoplasma, Pseudomonas, Proteus, and Staphylococcus species (Baskin Kogan 57). In addition, there are UTIs resulting from fungi like Cryptococcus and Candida fungal species. Some parasites like Schistosoma and Trichom onas also cause urinary tract infections. Proper treatment for urinary tract infection depends on the knowledge of these causing organisms. UTI Symptoms/signs The signs and symptoms of urinary tract infections differ from one person to another. This depends on gender, age and the  location of infection (Davey 72). In advances cases of urinary infections, the individual has severe when urinating. Another sign of urinary infection is the change in urine color from clear to cloudy. Sometimes the urine may reddish when there is presence of blood (West 99). Any unpleasant smell from urine can be another sign of urinary infections and therefore immediate medication is necessary. Some women infected with urinary diseases may complain of increased abdominal pains or feel fatigued and tired. Vaginal discharge can also be a common sign of urinary infection in women. Urinary discharges occur when the Urethra  is infected, or the individual has contracted STDs. In children, the common signs of urinary infection include the presence of blood in urine. Sometimes they may complain of abdominal pains, increased fever, and frequent vomiting. General body weakness is also common in women and children with urinary tract infections (Davey 73). How STIs are Diagnosed When carrying out the diagnosis for STIs, the physician or doctor should get a comprehensive  medical history  of the patient. Fresh urine samples are obtained from the individual to determine if there are any potential disease-causing organisms (Davey 75). When conducting the analysis in young children,  infants, and aged  patients, urine samples are through a method known as catheterization. Laboratory verification helps to determine the possible cause of the urinary infection (Pappas 78).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Urinary Tract Infection specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More UTIs Diagnosis Classification If a UTI infection occurs in the lower Urinary tract, experts and medical practitioners refer to it  as bladder infection. On the other hand, if the infection occurs in the upper urinary tract the condition is pyelonephritis. Infection in the upper track can be a sign of Diabetes Mellitus (Davey 102). In children It is also notable that Health Organizations do not approve â€Å"urine bags† in of samples from children. This is because this tends to increase cases of contamination. Because of this, catheterization is used by those who are not trained (Kunin 54).  The American academy of pediatrics recommends the use of voiding cystourethrogram for children below the age of two years. This involves the use of real time x-ray as the children urinate,  or renal ultrasound for affected children (Pappas 317). Differential diagnosis Some organisms causing Chlamydia and gonorrhea can result in urinary tract infections. These are STDs and cause vaginitis or cervicitis in women and cause complications in m ales with urinary tract infection symptoms.  Studies have shown that a yeast infection can cause vaginitis (Davey 103). It is important to test  individuals having multiple  infections of their urinary tract for interstitial cystitis. This is required even when the urine cultures are negative. UTI risk factors The risk factors for urinary tract infections are  many.  Generally, a  blockage  of normal urine flow, which is  normally  50cc per hour for a normal adult, is one of the risk factors for UTI.  An abnormality within the urinary tract creates infection  risk thereby increasing the risks for diseases like kidney stones (Porth 92). Other complications include abnormal prostates, anatomy disorder and urethral stricture. The reason why there is increased potential for these risks is the washout effect when the blood flows into the kidney (Kunin 46). Women are more  predisposed  to UTIs compared to men. This is because women have a naturally shorter urethr a that opens  more closely to the anus. It becomes easier for pathogens  to get inside the urinary tract easily. The use of catheters increases the risk to about 30% higher since it  has  none of the systems for  protective  immunity that  eliminate  bacteria and also it connects directly to the bladder.  Statistics have revealed that majority of the women using diaphragms or condoms develop spermicidal foam which is known to increase the risks for urinary tract infections in the body (Porth 52). Individuals who are engaged in active sex also increase their chances for getting urinary tract infections. This explains the reason why sexual behaviors are discouraged because they can increase STDs and other urinary tract infections (Kunin 84).Advertising Looking for report on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Male individuals with over 60 years of age have a higher risk for the same since the prostrate enlarges at that age and the bladder is unable to  empty  fully. Occasionally  individuals with bacteremia have this bacterium in the kidney,  a phenomenon termed as hematogenous spread. This is the same  case  for people with infections in  areas connected  to the urinary tract. People who have ever had a urologic surgery also have an increased risk of UTIs (Pappas 325).  Between weeks six to 26 of during pregnancy, there is an increased risk of infection even though it  is not  the case  always.  However,  due to  pyelophritis  a UTI may  progress  in seriousness as various researchers have confirmed and reports (West 83). Possible Complications UTIs Most of the urinary tract infections have no  complications  if the individuals get quick medication. Early intervention is necessary to prevent further complications because of the infections. If this is not done, the disease becomes chronic and the individual might realize that his or her life is at risk (Porth 97). This does not mean that there are no complications. Some complications can  occur  later in life and probably result in death. Some of the complications might include urinary strictures, fistulas, abscesses, and kidney damage. The more advanced is the infection, the more the complication. More complications  can result in dehydration and failure of body organs especially the kidney. If a woman is pregnant and has such infections  that remain untreated, chances are high that she might have a premature delivery. As well, the newborn child might be underweight or poorly developed (Pappas 325). UTI Treatment The treatment  regimes for urinary tract infections depend on the level of infection and the causing organism. Individuals with advanced urinary tract infections require strong antibiotics to kill the disease-causing organisms and treat the condition compl etely. Individuals who are not highly affected require oral antibiotics because the  infection  is mild (Pappas 302). Individuals infected with STDs should be carefully treated and provide them with appropriate medication and antibiotics. Children require necessary treatment depending on the UTI and its level of development. Children and pregnant women should not take ciproflaxin  or other related antibiotics (Kunin 454). Patients who have fungal or parasitic pathogens need antifungals to treat their condition. However, patients should consult with their doctors before they receive any form of treatment (Porth 48). Medicines obtained from the counter  do not  cure  STI bacteria even though they relieve the pain and discomfort.  Some medications that contain Phenazopyridine cause urine to turn orange  work  to relieve pain in the bladder or  stain  the contact lenses (Pappas 325). Prevention of UTIs The first step to prevent urinary tract infections is through g ood hygiene. Good hygiene for men and women helps prevent infections of the urinary tract. It is important that women clean their genitals as frequently as possible because they stand a higher risk of getting the infections. They should do so by wiping  their genitals backwards to prevent pathogens in the anal passage from entering into the urinary tract. For men, retracting the fore skin will help prevent UTIs because urine will not  linger  at urethra  opening (Porth 92).  It is important that people empty the bladder completely because residues will allows pathogens to  survive  or  replicate in the tract. Experts also encourage people to take a shower or urinate immediately after having sex  because this will reduce susceptibility to infections such as urethritis. UTI prognosis A  good  prognosis is  normal  for spontaneous resolution and  easy-to-treat infections. Patients having rapid infections can have a  good  prognosis if they seek immediate and adequate medication (Kunin 87). This will help to reduce chances of disease development. Aged or people with suppressed immunity have  a poor prognosis  depending on the kind of damage done by the infection. Works Cited Baskin, Laurence. Kogan, Barry. Handbook of pediatric urology. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009. Print. Davey, Patrick. Medicine at a Glance. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2012. Print. Kunin, Calvin. A reassessment of the importance of â€Å"low-count† bacteriuria in young women with acute urinary symptoms, New York: Ann Intern Med, 1993. Print. Pappas, Panzer. Laboratory in the diagnosis and management of urinary, tract infections, New York: Med Clin North Am, 1991. Print. Porth, Mattson. Essentials of Patho-physiology: Concepts of Altered Health States. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 2010. Print. West, Krista. Urinary Tract Infections, USA: The Rosen Publishing Group, 2006. Print. This report on Urinary Tract Infection was written and submitted by user Trystan Parsons to help you with your own studies. 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Suspense in The Turn of the Screw Essay Example

Suspense in The Turn of the Screw Essay Suspense in The Turn of the Screw 1 . Keep the stakes high: Throughout the novel, the governess is shown to be somewhat in love with her employer. She describes him as a gentleman in the prime of life, such a figure had never risen, save in a dream or an old novel, before a fluttered, anxious girl and goes on to say he struck her, in evitably, as gallant and splendid (4). In her perspective, she lives to please her employer by carrying out her duties successfully. Yet the ghosts pose a crisis thats devastating to the rotagonists world, and she is willing to do anything to prevent the corruption of the children from the ghosts. This mindset creates suspense and allows the readers to empathize with the governess to some point. 2. Apply pressure: As the antagonists of the novel are the ghosts that corrupt the children, the protagonist, the governess, can only be against insurmountable odds; she is fighting against supernatural beings. Yet, another element that adds to the pressure is the fact that she has nowhere to escape. Mrs. Grose points out that the master didnt like tale-bearing†he hated omplaints. He was terribly short with anything of that kind (35). This installs in the protagonist a resolution to never let this ghost troubles be known to her employer, as she admires him and wants to please him in all ways; now she has to deal with the ghosts by herself. This creates suspense in that the screw has been turned even more; she has no escape. 3. Create dilemmas. Suspense loves a dilemma: The most prominent dilemmas that first appear in the novel consist of the governess struggle with the childrens telling the truth about the ghosts Peter Quint and Miss Jessel. We will write a custom essay sample on Suspense in The Turn of the Screw specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Suspense in The Turn of the Screw specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Suspense in The Turn of the Screw specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer For example, when the governess sees that Floras little bed was empty, she catches her breath with all the terror that, five minutes before, [she] had been able to resist (55). She continuously believes that Flora and Miles are seeing the ghost but are lying to her. This creates a huge dilemma, as the governess faith towards the children is extinguished and the corruption of the children comes more near. This dilemma creates suspense and doubt at the same time, allowing the readers to ponder about the existence of the ghosts. 4. Complicate matters: The novel poses arious complications to the governess; starting with Miles letter of dismissal, the fact that the ghosts are of her predecessor and her lover, and mostly due to the fact that there are two turning of the screw, two children who are corrupted by the ghosts, heightens the complexity of matters to the governess. Everything crashes to the ground at the end of the novel, as Miles little heart, dispossessed, had stopped (117). 5. Create a really good villain: The villains of this novel are the ghost of Peter Quint and Miss Jessel, the governess predecessor. These villains, despite eing apparitions or ghosts, are highly Msible. The governess describes Peter Quints ghost vividly; He has red hair, very red, close-curling, and a pale face, long in shape, with straight rather queer whiskers that are as red as his hair (30). They seem to be rather clever and strongly motivated, and are powerful in the way that they have the ability to corrupt the children and destroy the governess new life. By creating fear in both the readers and the governess, these villains successfully create suspense throughout the novel. *Page numbers are fit to my book, which has a

Fences Vs A Lesson Before Dying essays

Fences Vs A Lesson Before Dying essays In the novels, A Lesson Before Dying by Ernest Gaines and Fences by August Wilson, the characters struggle to overcome lifes difficulties and to find the true meaning of their existence by freeing themselves from their troubles. This form of self-redemption helps to renew each characters conscience and bring him or her to a new light, where they can reach the full potential of their lives. Both works of literature contain several characters that overcome lifes hardships with redemption, but the ones who make the biggest sacrifices are the most important. The two that truly redeem themselves are Grant, from A Lesson Before Dying and Rose, from Fences. In August Wilsons novel Fences, it is Rose who experiences the greatest redemption when she agrees to care for Troys daughter, Raynell. Rose experiences one of lifes worst hardships when she discovers that her husband has had an affair with another woman. When Troy admits the truth to Rose about his affair, she is heart broken and deeply hurt. Rose can not believe that after eighteen years of marriage Troy would go and do such a thing. Not only was Troy neglecting his family but he was also jeopardizing the well being of his new daughter, Raynell. It was then that Rose truly begins to see the real Troy. She sees how selfish he is for visiting the woman at his leisure just to make himself feel better. In the following line from page 78, Rose explains to Troy how he is not the only one suffering and that she too feels like she is trapped inside their small, immobile world. You not the only one whos got wants and needs. But I held on to you, Troy. Unlike Troy, Rose has accepted her current situation and has learned to deal with the problems she is faced with everyday. She has also not strayed from Troy, but has stayed in his bed. The next big problem Rose must face is what to do with the baby. On page 78, Troy uses symp ...

A paper on the slavery and discrimination throughout the history of Essay

A paper on the slavery and discrimination throughout the history of Chinese Immigration in Canada - Essay Example As such the history of Chinese immigration to Canada is a story paved with both slavery and discrimination. Discrimination as to race, age and gender are not only discouraged in Canada, it is considered criminal. The push to eradicate discrimination is so strong that even its citizens have the reputation of being exceedingly politically correct. There are even some who mock them for being ‘too friendly’ a country. But its surprising that such a tactful country, overly sensitive against discrimination has a dark past. And this is not merely the case of the citizenship oppressing certain minority group. On the contrary, it is the government who committed these act of prejudice as it actually legislated a series of discriminatory laws. But in June 2006, Prime Minister Stephen Harper apologized at the Parliament for the discriminating policies imposed on Chinese immigrants in the early 20th century. "On behalf of the people and government of Canada, we offer a full apology to Chinese-Canadians for the head tax and express our deepest sorrow for the subsequent exclusion of Chinese immigrants," said Harper. (Xinhua) "We acknowledge the high cost of the head tax meant that many family members were left behind in China, never to be reunited, or that families lived apart and in some cases in extreme poverty for years," he said. It is believed that an estimate of 81,000 people paid this tax. (Xinhua) And on the day of the apology, there are about 35 survivors, 360 of their widows and fewer than 4,000 of their children. (Xinhua) Some of these survivors were present during the apology. Methodology To better understand the abovementioned apology, a research on the factual basis was necessary. Reference to news articles and news archives where made. As well as those to different sector groups. This report aims to present the discrimination suffered by the Chinese when they immigrated to Canada. Hence, after determining the historical facts, analysis of these data would proceed. And a discussion of the discrimination committed against Chinese immigrants in Canada would follow. Historical Background According to my research the following are the historical background of the immigration of Chinese nationals to Canada: The first Chinese immigrants to set foot in Canada were brought from Macao in 1788 by British explorer John Meares. And it was said that they were also the last for the next 70 years. It was thought that they married into native communities on the island and their cultural traces soon lost. (Chinese Immigration) In 1842, Britain and China entered the Treaty of Nanking where in it said that their respective subjects should enjoy full security and protection within the territory of the other. (Con) This included Canada. In the 1850's, due to the gold rush, there was an influx of Chinese immigrants in North America. But when gold was found in Frasier River in British Columbia in around 1858, these Chinese migrants headed north to Frasier Island in British Columbia. In 1860, others began to arrive in British Columbia directly from China. In 1861, a Victoria newspaper welcomed the immigrants by saying: "We have plenty of room for many thousands of Chinamen. There can be no shadow of a doubt but their industry enables them to add very largely to our own revenues." (Chinese Immigration) But they worked as cooks, launderers or as houseboys for wealthy white families. In the 1870's these immigrants were predominantly male. By 1879, the number of Chinese immigrants in the province was estimated to be 6,000. In 1880's the Canadian Pacific Railway was constructed and Chinese workers were brought to help. Between 1881 and 1884, over 15,000 Chinese came to Canada. But Chinese workers were often called on to do the more dangerous jobs. They worked with explosives, carried heavy rocks and stayed in unsafe tents. And pay was really low as compared with the

Strategic Banking Issues Regulations and Profitability Essay

Strategic Banking Issues Regulations and Profitability - Essay Example There is a host of ideas about the probable cause of the financial crisis. The classical explanation is very clear. Financial crisis are the result of monetary excesses. Monetary excesses first create boom and then there is a bust. In the crisis of 2008, we had a housing boom and bust, and these in turn led to financial turmoil in the United States and rest of the world.The monetary policy was strategically loose. The interest rate setting based on macroeconomic variables had shifted significantly from the rates prescribed by the policy makers. The Federal Reserve said that the interest rates would be low for a considerable period and then would rise at a measured pace. These actions were irregular government interventions to reduce the fear of deflation that Japan had faced in the 1990s.There are a few competing explanations for the crisis. One of the arguments is called ‘Global Savings Glut.’ Proponents of this concept argue that the low interest rates in 2002-2004 wer e caused by global factors and thus monetary authorities have nothing to do. This alternative explanation focuses on global saving. It argues that there was an excess of world saving or a ‘global saving glut’ as they say and it pushed interest rates down in the United States and other countries. But the numbers from the International Monetary Fund says a different story. The numbers tells that the global savings rate as a percentage of world’s GDP in 2002-04 was very low compared to the 1970s and 1980s.... The Federal Reserve said that the interest rates would be low for a considerable period and then would rise at a measured pace. These actions were irregular government interventions to reduce the fear of deflation that Japan had faced in the 1990s (Taylor, 2009, pp. 3-4). There are a few competing explanations for the crisis. One of the arguments is called ‘Global Savings Glut.’ Proponents of this concept argue that the low interest rates in 2002-2004 were caused by global factors and thus monetary authorities have nothing to do. This alternative explanation focuses on global saving. It argues that there was an excess of world saving or a ‘global saving glut’ as they say and it pushed interest rates down in the United States and other countries. But the numbers from the International Monetary Fund says a different story. The numbers tells that the global savings rate as a percentage of world’s GDP in 2002-04 was very low compared to the 1970s and 1980 s (Taylor, 2009, pp. 5-6). The crisis started as the fall of subprime lending market. Here the monetary interaction with the subprime mortgage problem needs to be understood. In the summer of 2007, the United States first experienced a striking contraction in wealth. The risk spread increased, and the credit market deteriorated. The 2007 United States sub-prime crisis has its roots in falling housing prices and this led to higher default levels particularly among less credit-worthy borrowers. The impact of these defaults on the financial sector has been largely exaggerated due to the complex bundling of obligations that was thought to spread risk efficiently. Unfortunately, the ensuing tools were extremely

The Future is Personalized Medicine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

The Future is Personalized Medicine - Essay Example Pharmacogenomics and pharmacogenetics, which are expected to be at the core of PM, combine to offer several advantages over conventional clinical methods. For example, while pharmacogenomics is limited to identifyng 'inheritable response' to medication across the whole genome, pharmacogenetics studies the effects of medication at the level of individual genes (the chart below outlines how it operates). The former also tries to reveal important links between genomic patterns and clinical responses. Such links are crucial sources of medical knowledge, as they empower clinicians to choose a particular treatment option based on individual patient condition as opposed to adopting a formulaic trial-and-error approach. (Hood, 2003, p.582) The Human Genome Project (HGP), initiated and supported by former American President Bill Clinton was pivotal to subsequent breakthroughs in Personalized Medicine. With the help of advanced computing power, already more than 3 billion base pairs of DNA hav e been successfully mapped. With the completion of the HGP in 2003, new possibilities for PM have been opened up. Working expeditiously to make Personalized Medicine a reality in the near future are such organizations as the International HapMap Project, the NIH Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE), the Roadmap Epigenomics Program, etc. (Cox, et. al., 2007, p.112) In order to understand the scope and effectiveness of Personalized Medicine, let us take a hypothetical case. For instance, in the case of oncology treatment, where presently oral-intake medicines can cost hundreds (if not thousands) of dollars per year for the afflicted patient, understanding the intricate 'genetic pathways' (which is unique to each individual) is important in order to determine the probable efficacy of a particular therapy course. It is a sign of progress that in the United States today â€Å"there are 6 drugs for which FDA requires diagnostic genetic testing before prescription, about 30 for which a d iagnostic test is recommended, and another 200 with pharmacogenomic information on the labels.† (Hesselgrave, 2010, p.16) Moreover, traditional healthcare provision adopts an one-size-fits-all approach. Whereas, under Personalized Medicine, this practice will be dismantled and unique prognostic courses would be designed based on the patient's genetic make up. Powerful technologies that try to understand the working of the human body down to the cellular level will be part of future PM treatments. These technologies include genomics, proteomics (the study of proteins), and metabolomics (the study of metabolites) amongst others. Metabolomics is of special interest to physicians as it has the potential to provide key information about individual patients. While the purpose of proteomics research is to identify abnormal protein patterns in patients, the purpose of metabolomic research is to identify abnormal metabolite patterns. Scientists are of the view that human bodies contain more than 3,000 metabolites that play a crucial role in proper growth and development of various organs. Apart from these primary metabolites there are secondary metabolites which strenghthen the immune system and helps reduce mental and physical stress. Of particular interest to the medical community are low-molecular-weight metabolites