Introduction to Health and Safety at Work-Samples for Students

Questions: 1.Why should WHS Legislation be Standardised across Australia? 2.Who has responsibility for WHS? Do Trades Workers on site at any campus of Western Sydney have responsibilities for WHS? 3.What are the Key Elements of the Risk Management Process? 4.Why do Workers and Management have a bad attitude to Safety and how can this be addresse. Answers: Module Questions Week 6 Communication skills- Being able to note all important points highlighted by the interviewer, while being able to address all the questions asked by interviewer Academic qualifications- Answering job related or academic questions Work experience- Answering in-depth questions related to the job, potentially Passion/knowledge of industry/drive/commitment/attitude- Elaborating field related answers with examples from the industry or knowledge area (Friend Kohn, 2014) Team work skills- Participating actively in group discussion Critical reasoning and analytical skills/problem solving/lateral thinking/ technical skills- Solving analytical problems, handling potentially the critical turning points in group discussion Emotional intelligence- Showing self-awareness and empathising others, during group discussion 1.WHS laws are crucial for ensuring that all the staffs are safe in the workplace and for any kinds of health hazards, organization would be liable. All the states in Australia have not adopted the harmonised model of WHS laws. Although the WHS laws have gained high potential in regards to ensure Work Health and Safety laws through Australia, but Victoria and Western Australia have not adopted the model yet. After the federal election, Victoria and Western Australia will strategise in implementing the model work health and safety laws. This model in legislative framework would help t identify key hazards and risks associated to every organizational operation (Macdonald et al., 2011). Although there are some difficulties for Western Australia, for this it is important to make amendments similar t existing Occupational Safety and Health Act 1984. 2.The WHS Act 2011 highlights the responsibilities of officers of a PCBU. Therefore, the officer has the responsibility to undertake exercises for fulfilling its health and safety obligations under the Work Health and Safety Act 2011. In addition, supervisors have the responsibilities to supervise all the functions to ensure the adequacy of WHS operations. IN addition, WHS Committee, Workplace Advisory Committees, Workplace Advisory Representatives, Facilities Management Division have also specific responsibilities (Reese, 2015). 3.Yes, trades workers on site at any campus of Western Sydney have responsibilities for complying with the objectives of WHS legislative model in Australia. The key five elements of a risk management process are as follows: Identify the risk Analyze the risk Apply controls for the risk Evaluate the adequacy or effectiveness of the risk Monitor and review the risk 4.There are several reasons, why employees or management have bad attitude towards health and safety operations. Implementing health and safety policies usually enhances the responsibilities of every worker, thereby enhancing their duties in the organization. On the other hand, lack of support and awareness regarding the benefits of implementing health and safety policies in the organization, promote employees negative attitude towards safety. On the other hand, in case of management, implementing safety operations usually enhances the responsibilities of the management significantly. Management becomes liable to monitor the compliance of each employee in the safety framework and any kind of misconduct or non-compliance of employees with the safety objectives (Hughes Ferrett, 2011). Moreover, negative attitude of employees, lack of proper funding or compensations leads to bad attitude of management towards safety.

Availability and Sustainable Management †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Availability and Sustainable Management. Answer: Introduction Sustainable water and energy management is the driving role of a nation that adapts quick innovation and strategy to build better impact over the counties framework. These are the environmental accounts that take the demographical transition to the effective base of the country. Water has the highest value as the most risk orientation is depended on the availability of this environmental product. Natural water sustainability is the key underpinning function that provides infrastructural necessities and improves the quality of electricity, business, and artificial powers. In this report water and energy sustainability is being discussed and analyzed in comparing to Australia and Saudi Arabia. The approach and incorporated factors regarding this issues and government interventions for this process may surface the appropriate comparison of these factors. Technical innovations and evaluation process from non-governmental sector also make the difference in project implementation and these are also being discussed in this report. The Australian government has taken certain initiation to make sustainable conservation of natural resource in Australia. Water reformation is one such achievement that Australian government has done in recent days. Murray-Darling Basin plan is the sustaining mannerism of ecological function in Australian water reformation (Grafton and Horne 2014). Commonwealth water and environmental progression is the major helping process that provides sustainable future generation of ensuring healthy strong community, power impacts, rivers and food and fiber productions that provides the utmost clearance in the environment. Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act is being implemented in a revised way so that strategic assessment form this act determine the impactful condition to sustain those natural waters and energy resources. There are several indigenous programs in Australia that invest maximum achievements and fulfill the developmental change in Australian environmental and economic indicators. In this act, the proposed urban development has been done where six new suburbs have been streamlined and facilities are delivered to the 13000 homes. In case of energy conservation and making good opportunities for the future, a certain process like QVMAG Museum where the reduced energy consumption has been proceeding and those facilities are used by the government for the further understanding (atse.org.au 2017). Heating and cultivation, radiant heater control all these are expected to save the electricity as well as the power consumption for the development of the nation for future implementation. Through all this, estimated process water can be saved by 15,400 KL per year and almost 425,000kWh energy can be saved in a year (Alshuwaikhat et al. 2017). This saved energy and water are the form of good resource for the better fixtures and conditions. On the other hand, Saudi Arabia Government has aimed for the better energy installation and concern over the future energy sustainable condition that may enrich their productiveness in power and natural resource accumulation. There is some technological assistance also used for this mentioned development, however, the implementation of policy and innovative thinking of adjusting the installation process enhance the quality and role of the process. WFES 2017 is the new master plan of Saudi Arabia that impact over the solar and wind process and resultant on the energy and water viability in Saudi Arabia (Thejaps.org.pk 2017). Energy trading and ventures are under this plan and that generated electricity and commits the Independent power purchase to provide huge opportunity in the national economy. UAE solar innovation process is another process for maintaining the energy conservation and support the strategic implementation of the nation (Grindle, Siddiqi and Anadon 2015). Scientific research and technological innovations In case of Australia, research techniques and innovations are being introduced to maintain this process of sustainability of water and energy process. Green Growth is a productive process of water sustainability that provides the consumption of non-renewable energy and continues the use of high-value use. In the aspect of climatic change and estimated population is a concern this strategic change in Australia must enhance the demographical and exponential growth of the nation. Australian agricultural activity is depended on the water usefulness and this management innovation can serve the advancement in technological aspect and water supply and distribution throughout the country. Annual renewable water resource form this innovative implementation figured as 400,000 GL which has been used in manufacturing products, mining sections, urban distribution, agriculture and other issues (Brookes and Carey 2015). R D innovation program is a technological implementation that provides increas ed productivity and mitigates the environmental changes and restores the useful resources. Installation of low energy high-efficiency pumping, groundwater extraction, and monolayer based evaporation reservoir, harvest storm-water, bio-filter stormwater, territory waste water all these are the supply and treatment process that ensures the highest value of the nation by implementing those technological impacts. On the other hand, Saudi Arabia has implemented the government leads plan KAPSARC which revised the climate research method and advances the energy efficiency in global development and aim to lead in the energy market. Technological enhancement like CCS is the major renewable process that created for the development of UAE structural framework. There are certain Saudi universities who have indulged in this process of power and resource gathering where the technical implementation and scientific amalgamation of blending are quite helpful for the development of the country (Ouda 2014). The nation has the potential of converting their oil into gas and energy generation however for the change in the environmental and economic section they have to confront this strategic scientific implementation and technological invention. Initiative took from Non-government organization There are different nongovernmental organizations in Australia who have worked on the best viability of water and power conservation. Water efficiency and the supply of groundwater and capturing the rainwater form stadium roof and applied them in toilet ground is the purpose to mitigate the water effect and sanitation cleaning process. Australian Lutheran World Service, Action Aid Australia, Act for Peace- National Council of Churches Australia all these are the nongovernmental organization and they have the good involvement in this process of acceleration in water and energy viability (Jones 2014). From the implementation of new innovations, daily consumption of water has dropped down in an emphatic manner in different sections. Inver may park tank is being used in this process and 60,000 liters of water has been stored. Possible movement in the fluorescent tube or the change in LED lights is the concern alteration that has also mitigate the energy expenses and conserve the energy i n a good manner (Ghaffour, Missimer and Amy 2013). The annual energy consumption has been reduced to the 100,000kWh per year by the implementation of new strategic changes and technological assistance. In case of Saudi Arabia, development and estimation of nongovernmental organization and their effective indulge situation in the contemporary process of sustainability can provide the strong recommendation in this prospect. The nongovernmental organization like Human Rights Watch, International Islamic Relief Organization, al-Haramain Foundation all these working on the estimating requirement of power and water usage (Marchettini et al. 2014). This is the way of help generation that these organizations have done and implementing the innovation system and provides the best possible way to sustain water and energy in their nation. Projects Exemplar Australian projects like Eco Smart Biz, Community engagement process to provide knowledge about the water and power conservation, different collaboration process to assist the safe and secure water extraction is the wider settlement of innovative programs (environment.gov.au 2017). The Green Effective plan is the kind of exemplar project that provide the operation energy and power of sustainability in water and power section for the implemented strategic change and impose session. On the other hand, Saudi Arabian projects have provided relative strength in mechanism and explore the possible reinforce to the improvement of water and energy viability. The changing process of PV module or the HYSOLAR programs is the creating mannerism that can influence the contribution to the natural resources as well (saudi.gov.sa 2017). In case of exemplar discussion the natural reservoir of water conservations like Saq-Ram, Wajid aquifer is the main source of sustainability of water. Distillation of water pipes and the intervention of the technical aspects are the discursive mart of fulfilling the sustainable criteria. In case of the establishment, the right way of renewable energy sources and the natural water effectiveness with the power of research and technical assistance enhance the process. Conclusion The potential change in water energy and change in the environmental demographic process are featuring the landscape for the efficient measure extension for the sustainable condition of the nation. Water Demand Management and the wise consumption of significant irrational use of water is the application process of convinced measure and educating the judicious use of awareness. If the use of power consumption and wastewater controlling has been done in an effective way then the problem from these issues may be mitigated and urbanized area controlling by supplying water will be more specific and well under control. The issues are same for the Saudi Arabia, as the country has enough demand regarding the oil mines thus the controlling energy through the process and use of that energy for the development of nation and to build more natural water sustainability for the economic, social and environmental efficiency is relevant and important as well for the development of the world. References Alshuwaikhat, H.M., Abubakar, I.R., Aina, Y.A. and Saghir, B., 2017. Networking the Sustainable Campus Awards: Engaging with the Higher Education Institutions in Developing Countries. InHandbook of Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development in Higher Education(pp. 93-107). Springer International Publishing. atse.org.au (2017) Available from: https://www.atse.org.au/Documents/reports/sustainable-water-management-report.pdf [Accessed on 8th October 2017] Brookes, J.D. and Carey, C.C., 2015. Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all.UN Chronicle,51(4), pp.15-16. environment.gov.au (2017) Available from: https://www.environment.gov.au/water [Accessed on 8th October 2017] Ghaffour, N., Missimer, T.M. and Amy, G.L., 2013. Technical review and evaluation of the economics of water desalination: current and future challenges for better water supply sustainability.Desalination,309, pp.197-207. Grafton, R.Q. and Horne, J., 2014. Water markets in the Murray-Darling basin.Agricultural Water Management,145(C), pp.61-71. Grindle, A.K., Siddiqi, A. and Anadon, L.D., 2015. Food security amidst water scarcity: Insights on sustainable food production from Saudi Arabia.Sustainable Production and Consumption,2, pp.67-78. Jones, J.A.A., 2014.Water sustainability: a global perspective. Routledge. Marchettini, N., Brebbia, C.A., Pulselli, R. and Bastianoni, S. eds., 2014.The Sustainable City IX: Urban Regeneration and Sustainability (2 Volume Set)(Vol. 191). Wit Press. Ouda, O.K., 2014. Impacts of agricultural policy on irrigation water demand: A case study of Saudi Arabia.International Journal of Water Resources Development,30(2), pp.282-292. saudi.gov.sa (2017) Available from: https://www.saudi.gov.sa/wps/portal/snp/pages/sustainableDevelopment/!ut/p/z0/04_Sj9CPykssy0xPLMnMz0vMAfIjo8zifQxNHT2c3Q18DELc3Qwc_dwtPCzNjA38vQ30g1Pz9AuyHRUB0Yekqg!!/ [Accessed on 7th October 2017] Thejaps.org.pk (2017) Available from: https://thejaps.org.pk/docs/21-3/8.pdf [Accessed on 7th October 2017]

Essay Writing Tips - An Essay on Civil Rights Cannot Be Complete Without Writing About the Past

Essay Writing Tips - An Essay on Civil Rights Cannot Be Complete Without Writing About the PastAny good teacher can tell you that an essay on civil rights has a unique form of grammar that is imperative to write an essay about our civil rights. Many writers do not fully understand the vocabulary used in this type of essay and are left wondering if they are creating an effective article on civil rights. In this article I will give you a few tips that can help you ensure your essay has the necessary skill to make an excellent article on civil rights.First, you must address the main theme of the essay. When we think of a civil rights article, we automatically think of the one issue that caused a great deal of division during the civil rights movement. Many people remember the marches in Selma and Montgomery Alabama but unfortunately the events that led to those two important victories occurred many years before. Your essay should use the power of the written word to bring back memories from this time period as well as provide you with the information you need to bring down barriers.Secondly, you must rely on primary source material. Unfortunately, many schools of thought on the subject of civil rights came to dominate the written word in the 1940's and 1950's. If you want to be successful in writing an essay on civil rights then you must learn how to avoid such biases that will diminish your writing.Third, you must know the right history when it comes to civil rights. The history of the civil rights movement can be a confusing subject and it is important to be knowledgeable about the primary causes of the movement. Avoid repeating stories that were not originally intended to be the focus of the essay and avoid simple generalizations.Fourth, you must be cautious when using quotations from a single person or source. When you want to include the thoughts of a source in your essay, you must make sure you do not directly quote him or her. Do not place aquote directly i n your own voice, unless you plan to use the quote in the conclusion.Fifth, your essay should provide enough details to convince a reader that the issues of the civil rights movement have lived on. By this I mean that the movements for civil rights are still active today. Often, in order to avoid being labeled a racist you must be careful in what you say. However, if you cannot keep your facts straight, you should certainly try to back up your statements with primary source information that you believe supports your ideas.Sixth, the essay should begin by establishing your connection to the topic. Whether it is about the history of civil rights or one of the participants, the beginning of the essay should establish your connection to the topic. This is a very important concept that can be hard to grasp for most writers. While you must be aware of the different versions of the civil rights movement, the start of the essay should establish that you are writing about the subject.Finally , your essay is your chance to bring back the memory of the past. You must not leave out any of the evidence that provides a real basis for your conclusion. Without a strong argument you will be unable to persuade your readers.

How Does Tom Buchanan Represent 1920s Society in the Great Gatsby free essay sample

Fitzgerald has done this, as he does not like men whose lives mirror Toms. Tom is a violent man, who is completely in control of the women in his life. He shows how disrespectful some men were to women. For example, he breaks his mistress Myrtles nose. In the Great Gatsby Tom is represented as a muscular â€Å"brute† of a man with a short temper and little morals, these characteristics are shown throughout the book through his actions, the first being his complete lack of morals as he has an affair with another man’s wife, Myrtle, and even lies to her, saying that Daisy is a â€Å"catholic† and she does not â€Å"believe in divorce†. This anti-moralistic attitude that Tom employs is directly representative of 1920’s society, as not only was this a time when there was increased sexual independence (especially within women) but it was also a time when morals were dropped and the society as a whole became much more careless. We will write a custom essay sample on How Does Tom Buchanan Represent 1920s Society in the Great Gatsby? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The anti-moralistic arrogance was enthused by the criminal underworld which in many ways was fuelled by the prohibition of alcohol. Tom’s short temper is also shown throughout the book and is particularly prevalent when he strikes myrtle when he is drunk, â€Å"making a short, deft movement, Tom Buchanan broke her nose with his open hand† this misogynistic part of his personality again creates links between him and the 1920’s society, as, women were becoming less and less respected as they became more independent this idea is encouraged by Tom as he treats women like second class citizens, even his wife whom he cheats on for the entire length of the book. However Tom is not completely representative of the entire 1920’s society, despite the luxuries that a massive amount of people had in this era, as shown in the book through most of the characters. However, there were people in the 1920’s who experienced severe poverty and this is shown in some parts of the book especially through George Wilson as he struggles to survive whilst others such as Tom and Gatsby live a life of luxury with money they will never spend. Tom’s treatment of George in many ways has direct links to the treatment of the poor by the rich in the 1920’s as they exploited them through their desperation, employing them into the underworld to perform dangerous jobs for little money. In the same way Tom treats George poorly through his reluctance to give him a car for him to sell and the enormous factor that he has an affair with his wife. Toms affair with Myrtle Wilson emphasizes both moral blindness and the refusal to condemn wrongdoings. Tom willingly admits his affair, yet Daisy has come to ignore it, at least outwardly. Tom thinks that Daisy will understand his affairs, believing Once and a while I go off on a spree and make a fool of myself, but I always come back, and in my heart I love her all the time. The fact that Daisy refuses to condemn Toms actions adds to Fitzgeralds portrayal of societys view on sin during the 1920s. Because society during the 1920s doesnt hold marriage in the position that perhaps their parents and grandparent did, they tolerate sins such as infidelity and lust, this acceptance of many of these sins was also a great factor in the rise of underworld criminality. In conclusion Tom does not necessarily represent the entire 1920’s society, however he does represent a lot of their values, such as carelessness, immorality and the large amount of money that he possessed.

Free Essays on E-payments

E-Payments The Internet has taken its place beside the telephone and television as an important part of people's lives. Consumers use the Internet to shop, bank and invest online. Most consumers and businesses still use credit or debit cards to pay for online purchases making this the main way for people to pay over the Internet. Even with this fact, technologies such as e-wallets and digital certificates are making big strides into the arena of E-commerce. And how would you like to pay? Most online shoppers use credit cards to pay for their online purchases. But debit cards - which authorize merchants to debit your bank account electronically - are increasing in use. Your debit card may be an automated teller machine (ATM) card that can be used for retail purchases. To complete a debit card transaction, you may have to use a personal identification number (PIN), some form of a signature or other identification, or a combination of these identifiers. Some cards have both credit and debit features: You select the payment option at the point-of-sale. But remember, although a debit card may look like a credit card, the money for debit purchases is transferred almost immediately from your bank account to the merchant's account. In addition, your liability limits for a lost or stolen debit card and unauthorized use are different from your liability if your credit card is lost, stolen or used without your authorization This can create a hassle for both you and your custom ers. In tge business world, that can be very damageing. E-payments can be a the answer that you are looking for. New electronic payment systems, sometimes referred to as "electronic money" or "e-money", are beginning to evolve. Their goal is to make purchasing simpler for both the customer and the business. For example, "stored-value" cards let you transfer cash value to a card. They're commonly used on public transportation, at colleges and universities and at gas s... Free Essays on E-payments Free Essays on E-payments E-Payments The Internet has taken its place beside the telephone and television as an important part of people's lives. Consumers use the Internet to shop, bank and invest online. Most consumers and businesses still use credit or debit cards to pay for online purchases making this the main way for people to pay over the Internet. Even with this fact, technologies such as e-wallets and digital certificates are making big strides into the arena of E-commerce. And how would you like to pay? Most online shoppers use credit cards to pay for their online purchases. But debit cards - which authorize merchants to debit your bank account electronically - are increasing in use. Your debit card may be an automated teller machine (ATM) card that can be used for retail purchases. To complete a debit card transaction, you may have to use a personal identification number (PIN), some form of a signature or other identification, or a combination of these identifiers. Some cards have both credit and debit features: You select the payment option at the point-of-sale. But remember, although a debit card may look like a credit card, the money for debit purchases is transferred almost immediately from your bank account to the merchant's account. In addition, your liability limits for a lost or stolen debit card and unauthorized use are different from your liability if your credit card is lost, stolen or used without your authorization This can create a hassle for both you and your custom ers. In tge business world, that can be very damageing. E-payments can be a the answer that you are looking for. New electronic payment systems, sometimes referred to as "electronic money" or "e-money", are beginning to evolve. Their goal is to make purchasing simpler for both the customer and the business. For example, "stored-value" cards let you transfer cash value to a card. They're commonly used on public transportation, at colleges and universities and at gas s...

DETECTION OF ANTIVIRAL ANTIBODIES IN SERUM USING AN ELISA TECHNIQUE Essay

DETECTION OF ANTIVIRAL ANTIBODIES IN SERUM USING AN ELISA TECHNIQUE - Essay Example These immunoglobulins are of five types and they are different based on size, charge, amino acid composition and carbohydrate content. the class and the type of immunoglobulin molecule is determined by the heavy chain type. There are two light chains and two heavy chains. There are C and N- terminal in the heavy chains. (Crowther 1995). The N-terminals of the IgG constitute the antigen -binding site. Individuals can become resistant to many infectious diseases by active or passive immunization. The beneficial effects of the immunization are mediated by the antibodies and the effect of immunization is mediated by the immunoassays. (Crowther 2001). The measurement of the antigen and antibody by using sensitive assays are the useful indicators of the immune status. When an infectious agent enters the human body, the component is identified as the foreign particle and antibodies are produced against them. These antibodies interact with the antigens and reduce the load. (Edwards 1999). Th e immunoassay method identifies the antigens, antigen - particles present in the blood and provide the results. Each antibody is specific for an antigen. ELISA is basically of two types: competitive and non-competitive ELISA. ELISA involves two site recognition with two different antibodies (i.e.) an indirect estimation. Competitive ELISA is different from the sandwich ELISA and indirect ELISA. In the first step the unlabelled antibody is incubated on the presence of the antigen. This antigen-antibody bounded is added to the antigen- coated well. The plate is washed and the second antibody specific to the primary antibody is added and the second antibody is coupled to the enzyme. When the substrate is added, the signal is emitted by the remaining enzyme. In this ELISA, if the antigen concentration is very high, then the signal will be very weak. This method is mainly used to test the impure and crude samples. This method is very useful for the detection of HIV. For HIV diagnosis, th e patient's sample and the enzyme-labeled antibody (conjugate) is added simultaneously to the solid phase. HIV antibodies, if present in the sample will bind to the conjugate antibody and reduce the signal. Thus if the color reaction is produced, then it indicates that there are no HIV antibodies in the given sample. Applications of ELISA include screening of the donated blood for viral contaminations( HIV types, Hepatitis B and C, HTLV-1 and 2), measuring the hormone levels( pregnancy(HCG), ovulation( LH), thyroid function ( TSH, T3 and T4), anabolic steroids, hormones), detecting infections( HIV, syphilis, chlamydia, gondii), detecting allergens in foods and toxins in foods, measuring the concentration of the antibodies and detecting illicit drugs ( cocaine, opiates, marijuana, etc.), measuring auto antibodies in autoimmune diseases and measuring rheumatoid factors . (Sheehan 1997). (Wreghitt and Morgan-Capner 1990). Principle When an antibody is linked to the enzyme and allowed t o react with the immobilized antigen, antigen-antibody reaction occurs. This is identified by the production of colour by the substrate enzyme reaction. The antigen is immobilised in either a microtiter plate or on nitrocellulose membrane. An enzyme labelled antibody is added in excess to the system and these binds to the immobilised antigen. Excess antibody is removed by washing and the substrate specific for the

What adjustments to prices could Moscows Kofe Haus Essay

What adjustments to prices could Moscows Kofe Haus (КÐ ¾Ã'„Ð µ Ð ¥Ã °Ã'Æ'Ð ·) restaurant formulate in order to draw more customers during the recession - Essay Example Many assumptions will have to be made due to a lack of good market data, typical of the non-transparent Russian business operating environment. An anecdotal SWOT analysis and literature review was conducted to find solutions to the difficult economic conditions confronting COFFEE HOUSE in the global recession. Marketing strategies and business models from North America were examined. Local competition was surveyed and the target market consumer was profiled. Although the North American market leaders have a dominant world position, they have also suffered during the recession. Not all the strategies and tactics are applicable in the Russian market; but some techniques were adapted with some reservation. COFFEE HOUSEs strength lies in its long history adapting to local market conditions, close contact and development of loyal customers. An evolving strategy must respond to deteriorating purchasing power of consumers and possible loss of market share to new competitors. A shift away from food-based price discounts towards value-based espresso drinks is recommended. The retail hospitality industry is generally vulnerable to downward swings in the economy. Coffee retailers in specific exist in an extremely competive environment and need a strong strategy to survive. The retail coffee market is generally susceptible to fickle consumer tastes and highly price sensitive. Russian coffee and tea franchises are relatively young and it is assumed that much can be learned from experiences in the international arena where a longer track record is evident. Additionally, the hotter competitive scene in mature markets may provide excellent examples for where the Russian market can expect to evolve. Coffee establishments in North America, Europe and Australia have already weathered economic downturns and have applied creative tactics to maintain profitability. These examples, if carefully selected fit unique Russian consumer demands, may provide a attractive pathways